ÏóÕ÷ÐÔÏ×ÀñµÄÉî²ãÔ¢Òâ½â¶Á
ÔÚÇ××Ó¹ØÏµÓᄈϣ¬"ÉíÌå×÷ΪÀñÎï"µÄ¾ßÏó±í´ïʵÔòÖ¸Ïò¸üÉî²ãµÄ·ûºÅϵͳ¡£Ä¸Ç×ÓÃ×ÔÉí±£´æ£¨physical presence£©×÷ΪÀñÎïÔØÌåʱ£¬ÊµÖÊÉÏÊÇÔÚ¹¹½¨¾ßÉí»¯µÄÇéÐ÷ת´ïͨµÀ¡£ÕâÖÖ·½·¨Í»ÆÆÁ˹ŰåÀñÎïµÄÎïÖÊÊôÐÔÏÞÖÆ£¬½«ÉíÌå»î¶¯£¨ÈçÅäºÏÍê³ÉÊÖÊÂÇ鯷£©¡¢¿µ½¡ÔÊÐí£¨ÈçÖÆ¶©Ô˶¯ÍýÏ룩¡¢Ê±¼ä×óȯ£¨ÈçרÊôÅãͬʱ¶Î£©×ª»¯Îª¿É´¥ÃþµÄ½ÌÓý×ÊÔ´¡£Ä³¶ùͯÐÄÀíѧ¼ÒÑо¿ÏÔʾ£¬ÕâÀà¾ßÓÐÉíÌå½éÈëÌØÕ÷µÄÀñÎïÐÎʽ£¬ÄÜÌáÉý57%µÄÇéÐ÷Ó°ÏóÁô´æ¶È¡£
ÉúÃüÉú³¤¿Î³ÌµÄÏêϸʵ¼ù·¾¶
ÔõÑù½«Ä¸Ç×µÄÉíÌå±£´æ×ª»¯Îª½ÌÓý³¡¾°£¿¿ÉÐеIJÙ×÷ģʽ°üÀ¨½¨ÉèÉú³¤¼ûÖ¤µµ°¸¡¢ÊµÑéÉíÌå¼ÓÈëÍýÏëµÈ¡£ºÃ±ÈÔÚÉúÈÕʱ´ú£¬Ä¸Ç׿Éͨ¹ýÖÆ×÷ÔÐÆÚÉíÌåת±äͼ¼ø¡¢Â¼ÖÆÉúÃü½ÌÓý¶ÌÊÓÆµ¡¢ÅäºÏÍê³ÉÌåÄÜÌôÕ½ÏîÄ¿µÈ·½·¨£¬½«ÁýͳµÄÉúÃü½ÌÓý¿´·¨¾ßÏ󻯡£ÕâÖÖ½«ÉíÌå×÷ΪǰÑÔ£¨physical medium£©µÄʵ¼ù·½·¨£¬²»µ«ÄÜÈú¢×ÓÖ±¹Û¸ÐÊÜÉúÃüÀú³Ì£¬»¹Äܽ¨Éè¾ßÉíÈÏÖª£¨embodied cognition£©µÄÁªÂçͨµÀ¡£
ÇéÐ÷ÒøÐеĺã¾Ã´¢±¸Õ½ÂÔ
µ±ÀñÎïÓâÔ½ÏûºÄÖ÷ÒåÂ߼תÏòÇéÐ÷Ͷ×Êʱ£¬"ÉíÌåÒøÐÐ"µÄ¿´·¨±ãÕ¹ÏÖÆäÌØÊâ¼ÛÖµ¡£Ä¸Ç×ÓÃÉíÌå¼ÓÈëµÄÿ¸ö˲¼ä¡ª¡ªÊÖ°ÑÊÖ½ÌÊں決¡¢¼ç²¢¼çÍê³É³¿ÅÜ¡¢ÃæÆËÃæ¾ÙÐл汾¹²¶Á¡ª¡ªÊµÖÊÉ϶¼ÊÇÔÚ¾ÙÐÐÇéÐ÷´¢±¸¡£ÕâÖÖ´¢±¸×ñÕձ߼ÊЧÓõÝÔö¼ÍÂÉ£¬Ëæ×ÅÄêËêÔöÌí±¬·¢µÄ¸´ÀûЧӦ»áÓú·¢ÏÔÖø¡£ÐÐΪ¾¼ÃѧÑо¿Ö¤Êµ£¬ÕâÀàÉíÌå¼ÓÈëµÄÀñÎïÐÎʽ£¬ÆäÇéÐ÷»Ø±¨ÂÊÊÇͨË×ÀñÎïµÄ3.2±¶¡£
´ú¼Ê´«³ÐµÄÒÇʽ»¯½¨¹¹
ÌØÊâÀñÎïµÄÉúÃüÁ¦ÔÚÓÚÆä¿ÉÒ»Á¬µÄÒÇʽ¼ÛÖµ£¨ritual value£©¡£Í¨¹ýÉè¼ÆÄê¶ÈÉíÌåÓ°ÏóÏîÄ¿¡ª¡ªÈçÒ»Á¬ÅÄÉãÓµ±§Ê±³¤ÊÓÆµ¡¢¼Í¼ÅäºÏÔ˶¯Êý¾Ý¡¢ÍøÂçÉú³¤±ÈÕÕÓ°Ïñ¡ª¡ªÄ¸Ç×µÄÉíÌå¼ÓÈëÖð½¥ÑݱäΪ¼ÒÍ¥¹Å°å¡£ÕâÖÖÒÇʽ»¯Àú³Ì²»µ«Ç¿»¯ÁËÇ××ÓŦ´ø£¬¸ü¹¹½¨Æð¿ç´ú¼ÊµÄÉúÃü½ÌÓýÔØÌå¡£Êý¾ÝÏÔʾ£¬75%ʵÑéÀàËÆÍýÏëµÄ¼ÒÍ¥£¬×ÓÅ®µÄ¸Ð¶÷ÒâʶÓë×ÔÖ÷ÐÔÉú³¤¾ùÓÅÓÚͬÁäȺÌå¡£
ÏÖ´úÓý¶ùÀíÄîµÄÊÖÒÕÐÔÊÊÅä
ÔÚÊý×Öʱ´úÖØËÜÉíÌåÀñÎïµÄ¼ÛÖµ£¬ÐèÒªÒýÈëÖÇÄÜ»¯µÄ¼Í¼¹¤¾ß¡£Ê¹ÓÿÉÒÂ×Å×°±¸×·×ÙÅäºÏÔ˶¯¹ì¼££¬Í¨¹ýARÊÖÒÕÖØÏÖÉú³¤Àú³Ì£¬½èÖúÇø¿éÁ´ÉúÑÄÉíÌ廥¶¯Ó°Ïó£¬ÕâЩÊÖÒÕÊÖ¶ÎʹĸÌå¼ÓÈë»ñµÃÐµķºÆðά¶È¡£µ«ÐèҪСÐÄÊÖÒÕÒ컯Σº¦£¬¼á³ÖÉíÌ廥¶¯µÄʵÖÊζȡ£ÀíÏëµÄ״̬ÊÇÊÖÒÕ×÷Ϊ¸¨Öú¹¤¾ß£¬¶ø·ÇÌæ»»ÕæÊµµÄÉíÌå½Ó´¥ºÍÇéÐ÷Á÷¶¯¡£
ÎÄ»¯Ä¸ÌâµÄʱ´úÐÔת»»
"ÉíÌåÀñÎï"¿´·¨ÊµÖÊÉÏÊǶԹŰåÎÄ»¯ÖÐ"ÉíÌå·¢·ô"ÀíÄîµÄÏÖ´úתÒë¡£´Ó¹Å´úµÄÉíÌåÓ¡¼ÇÕ䲨µ½½ñÊÀµÄÊý×ÖÉíÌåÓ°Ï󣬽¹µã¶¼ÔÚÓÚͨ¹ý¾ßÉí»¯ÌåÑéÇ¿»¯´ú¼ÊÅþÁ¬¡£ÕâÖÖת»»¼È³Ð¼ÌÁË"ÉíÌåÐðÊÂ"µÄÎÄ»¯»ùÒò£¬ÓÖÁ¢ÒìÁËÇ××ÓÏàͬµÄÏÖ´úÓï·¨£¬Ê¹¹ÅÀϵÄÓý¶ùÖÇ»ÛÔÚÐÂʱ´ú»À±¬·¢Æø¡£Òªº¦ÔÚÓÚ¼á³Ö±¾ÕæÐÔµÄͬʱ£¬ÕÒµ½ÇкϽñÊÀ¶ùͯÈÏÖªÌØµãµÄ±í´ï·½·¨¡£
µ±²ð¿ªÕâ·ÝÌØÊâµÄÉúÈÕÀñÎº¢×ÓÃÇÊÕ»ñµÄ²»µ«Êǵ±Ïµĸж¯£¬¸üÊÇÃ÷È·ÉúÃüÕæÚеÄÔ¿³×¡£Ä¸Ç×ÓÃ×Ô¼ºµÄÉíÌå×÷Ϊ½ÌÓýÔØÌ壬ÏÖʵÉÏ´´Á¢ÁËÒ»¸öÒ»Á¬ÔË×÷µÄÇéÐ÷½ÌÓýϵͳ¡£ÕâÖÖÁ¢Òìʵ¼ù¼ÈÊǶÔÎïÖÊÖ÷ÒåÏûºÄ³±Á÷µÄ·´Ë¼£¬Ò²ÊǶÔÇ××Ó¹ØÏÕþ¸®ÊµÄ»Ø¹é£¬¸üΪÏÖ´ú¼ÒÍ¥½ÌÓýÌṩÁËÖµµÃ½è¼øµÄÑù±¾·¶Ê½¡£ÉíÌå×÷ΪÀñÎ×îÖճɼ¨µÄÊÇÓâԽʱ¿ÕµÄÉúÃü¶Ô»°¡£ÏóÕ÷ÐÔÏ×ÀñµÄÉî²ãÔ¢Òâ½â¶Á
ÔÚÇ××Ó¹ØÏµÓᄈϣ¬"ÉíÌå×÷ΪÀñÎï"µÄ¾ßÏó±í´ïʵÔòÖ¸Ïò¸üÉî²ãµÄ·ûºÅϵͳ¡£Ä¸Ç×ÓÃ×ÔÉí±£´æ£¨physical presence£©×÷ΪÀñÎïÔØÌåʱ£¬ÊµÖÊÉÏÊÇÔÚ¹¹½¨¾ßÉí»¯µÄÇéÐ÷ת´ïͨµÀ¡£ÕâÖÖ·½·¨Í»ÆÆÁ˹ŰåÀñÎïµÄÎïÖÊÊôÐÔÏÞÖÆ£¬½«ÉíÌå»î¶¯£¨ÈçÅäºÏÍê³ÉÊÖÊÂÇ鯷£©¡¢¿µ½¡ÔÊÐí£¨ÈçÖÆ¶©Ô˶¯ÍýÏ룩¡¢Ê±¼ä×óȯ£¨ÈçרÊôÅãͬʱ¶Î£©×ª»¯Îª¿É´¥ÃþµÄ½ÌÓý×ÊÔ´¡£Ä³¶ùͯÐÄÀíѧ¼ÒÑо¿ÏÔʾ£¬ÕâÀà¾ßÓÐÉíÌå½éÈëÌØÕ÷µÄÀñÎïÐÎʽ£¬ÄÜÌáÉý57%µÄÇéÐ÷Ó°ÏóÁô´æ¶È¡£
ÉúÃüÉú³¤¿Î³ÌµÄÏêϸʵ¼ù·¾¶
ÔõÑù½«Ä¸Ç×µÄÉíÌå±£´æ×ª»¯Îª½ÌÓý³¡¾°£¿¿ÉÐеIJÙ×÷ģʽ°üÀ¨½¨ÉèÉú³¤¼ûÖ¤µµ°¸¡¢ÊµÑéÉíÌå¼ÓÈëÍýÏëµÈ¡£ºÃ±ÈÔÚÉúÈÕʱ´ú£¬Ä¸Ç׿Éͨ¹ýÖÆ×÷ÔÐÆÚÉíÌåת±äͼ¼ø¡¢Â¼ÖÆÉúÃü½ÌÓý¶ÌÊÓÆµ¡¢ÅäºÏÍê³ÉÌåÄÜÌôÕ½ÏîÄ¿µÈ·½·¨£¬½«ÁýͳµÄÉúÃü½ÌÓý¿´·¨¾ßÏ󻯡£ÕâÖÖ½«ÉíÌå×÷ΪǰÑÔ£¨physical medium£©µÄʵ¼ù·½·¨£¬²»µ«ÄÜÈú¢×ÓÖ±¹Û¸ÐÊÜÉúÃüÀú³Ì£¬»¹Äܽ¨Éè¾ßÉíÈÏÖª£¨embodied cognition£©µÄÁªÂçͨµÀ¡£
ÇéÐ÷ÒøÐеĺã¾Ã´¢±¸Õ½ÂÔ
µ±ÀñÎïÓâÔ½ÏûºÄÖ÷ÒåÂ߼תÏòÇéÐ÷Ͷ×Êʱ£¬"ÉíÌåÒøÐÐ"µÄ¿´·¨±ãÕ¹ÏÖÆäÌØÊâ¼ÛÖµ¡£Ä¸Ç×ÓÃÉíÌå¼ÓÈëµÄÿ¸ö˲¼ä¡ª¡ªÊÖ°ÑÊÖ½ÌÊں決¡¢¼ç²¢¼çÍê³É³¿ÅÜ¡¢ÃæÆËÃæ¾ÙÐл汾¹²¶Á¡ª¡ªÊµÖÊÉ϶¼ÊÇÔÚ¾ÙÐÐÇéÐ÷´¢±¸¡£ÕâÖÖ´¢±¸×ñÕձ߼ÊЧÓõÝÔö¼ÍÂÉ£¬Ëæ×ÅÄêËêÔöÌí±¬·¢µÄ¸´ÀûЧӦ»áÓú·¢ÏÔÖø¡£ÐÐΪ¾¼ÃѧÑо¿Ö¤Êµ£¬ÕâÀàÉíÌå¼ÓÈëµÄÀñÎïÐÎʽ£¬ÆäÇéÐ÷»Ø±¨ÂÊÊÇͨË×ÀñÎïµÄ3.2±¶¡£
´ú¼Ê´«³ÐµÄÒÇʽ»¯½¨¹¹
ÌØÊâÀñÎïµÄÉúÃüÁ¦ÔÚÓÚÆä¿ÉÒ»Á¬µÄÒÇʽ¼ÛÖµ£¨ritual value£©¡£Í¨¹ýÉè¼ÆÄê¶ÈÉíÌåÓ°ÏóÏîÄ¿¡ª¡ªÈçÒ»Á¬ÅÄÉãÓµ±§Ê±³¤ÊÓÆµ¡¢¼Í¼ÅäºÏÔ˶¯Êý¾Ý¡¢ÍøÂçÉú³¤±ÈÕÕÓ°Ïñ¡ª¡ªÄ¸Ç×µÄÉíÌå¼ÓÈëÖð½¥ÑݱäΪ¼ÒÍ¥¹Å°å¡£ÕâÖÖÒÇʽ»¯Àú³Ì²»µ«Ç¿»¯ÁËÇ××ÓŦ´ø£¬¸ü¹¹½¨Æð¿ç´ú¼ÊµÄÉúÃü½ÌÓýÔØÌå¡£Êý¾ÝÏÔʾ£¬75%ʵÑéÀàËÆÍýÏëµÄ¼ÒÍ¥£¬×ÓÅ®µÄ¸Ð¶÷ÒâʶÓë×ÔÖ÷ÐÔÉú³¤¾ùÓÅÓÚͬÁäȺÌå¡£
ÏÖ´úÓý¶ùÀíÄîµÄÊÖÒÕÐÔÊÊÅä
ÔÚÊý×Öʱ´úÖØËÜÉíÌåÀñÎïµÄ¼ÛÖµ£¬ÐèÒªÒýÈëÖÇÄÜ»¯µÄ¼Í¼¹¤¾ß¡£Ê¹ÓÿÉÒÂ×Å×°±¸×·×ÙÅäºÏÔ˶¯¹ì¼££¬Í¨¹ýARÊÖÒÕÖØÏÖÉú³¤Àú³Ì£¬½èÖúÇø¿éÁ´ÉúÑÄÉíÌ廥¶¯Ó°Ïó£¬ÕâЩÊÖÒÕÊÖ¶ÎʹĸÌå¼ÓÈë»ñµÃÐµķºÆðά¶È¡£µ«ÐèҪСÐÄÊÖÒÕÒ컯Σº¦£¬¼á³ÖÉíÌ廥¶¯µÄʵÖÊζȡ£ÀíÏëµÄ״̬ÊÇÊÖÒÕ×÷Ϊ¸¨Öú¹¤¾ß£¬¶ø·ÇÌæ»»ÕæÊµµÄÉíÌå½Ó´¥ºÍÇéÐ÷Á÷¶¯¡£
ÎÄ»¯Ä¸ÌâµÄʱ´úÐÔת»»
"ÉíÌåÀñÎï"¿´·¨ÊµÖÊÉÏÊǶԹŰåÎÄ»¯ÖÐ"ÉíÌå·¢·ô"ÀíÄîµÄÏÖ´úתÒë¡£´Ó¹Å´úµÄÉíÌåÓ¡¼ÇÕ䲨µ½½ñÊÀµÄÊý×ÖÉíÌåÓ°Ï󣬽¹µã¶¼ÔÚÓÚͨ¹ý¾ßÉí»¯ÌåÑéÇ¿»¯´ú¼ÊÅþÁ¬¡£ÕâÖÖת»»¼È³Ð¼ÌÁË"ÉíÌåÐðÊÂ"µÄÎÄ»¯»ùÒò£¬ÓÖÁ¢ÒìÁËÇ××ÓÏàͬµÄÏÖ´úÓï·¨£¬Ê¹¹ÅÀϵÄÓý¶ùÖÇ»ÛÔÚÐÂʱ´ú»À±¬·¢Æø¡£Òªº¦ÔÚÓÚ¼á³Ö±¾ÕæÐÔµÄͬʱ£¬ÕÒµ½ÇкϽñÊÀ¶ùͯÈÏÖªÌØµãµÄ±í´ï·½·¨¡£
µ±²ð¿ªÕâ·ÝÌØÊâµÄÉúÈÕÀñÎº¢×ÓÃÇÊÕ»ñµÄ²»µ«Êǵ±Ïµĸж¯£¬¸üÊÇÃ÷È·ÉúÃüÕæÚеÄÔ¿³×¡£Ä¸Ç×ÓÃ×Ô¼ºµÄÉíÌå×÷Ϊ½ÌÓýÔØÌ壬ÏÖʵÉÏ´´Á¢ÁËÒ»¸öÒ»Á¬ÔË×÷µÄÇéÐ÷½ÌÓýϵͳ¡£ÕâÖÖÁ¢Òìʵ¼ù¼ÈÊǶÔÎïÖÊÖ÷ÒåÏûºÄ³±Á÷µÄ·´Ë¼£¬Ò²ÊǶÔÇ××Ó¹ØÏÕþ¸®ÊµÄ»Ø¹é£¬¸üΪÏÖ´ú¼ÒÍ¥½ÌÓýÌṩÁËÖµµÃ½è¼øµÄÑù±¾·¶Ê½¡£ÉíÌå×÷ΪÀñÎ×îÖճɼ¨µÄÊÇÓâԽʱ¿ÕµÄÉúÃü¶Ô»°¡£